Diversity and abundance of mesomammals in a Monkey puzzle tree (Araucaria araucana) forest in Villarrica National Park, Araucanía region, Chile

Abstract

The Monkey puzzle tree (Araucaria araucana) forests at Puesco area of Villarrica National Park, Chile, harbors both native and non-native mesomammals.  However, the relative abundance and diversity of these species have remained understudied, and potential variations due to seasonal or annual changes are still not well understood.  This study aims to fill this knowledge gap, providing insight into species interactions and environmental dynamics within this unique ecosystem, with the broader goal of supporting effective biodiversity conservation and management strategies in the park. The diversity and relative abundance of mesomammals in an Araucaria araucana forest within Villarrica National Park were estimated and analyzed.  Data was collected through camera trapping at ten locations over a period of 26 months.  The cameras were randomly placed in the field, maintaining a minimum distance of 1200 meters between them, covering an area of approximately 3500 hectares.  Records were analyzed by grouping data from spring of one year to the following spring, calculating the relative abundance index and diversity indices. Five mesomammal species were detected: Puma concolor (puma), Lycalopex spp (gray or culpeo foxes), Lepus europaeus (European hare), Sus scrofa (wild boar), and Cervus elaphus (red deer).  Clear annual and seasonal differences were observed in the relative abundance index.  Alarmingly, the relative abundance of non-native mesomammals was ten times higher than that of native species.  Diversity (H’) throughout the entire period was low, with significant differences discernible between years and seasons.  Although data on the population abundance of invasive species in Chile are scarce, this study reveals a high relative abundance of non-native species in an Araucaria forest.  Coupled with the observed low diversity, this is a cause for concern, especially considering the presence of an endangered endemic species like A. araucana.  Significant differences in abundance were found only for Sus scrofa and Lycalopex spp. over the study period.   Alpha diversity for the entire study period was low, with differences observed both between years and seasons.  In conclusion, this study highlights the urgent need for reflection and action regarding the dominance of exotic species in a sector of a protected area.  The findings can serve as a basis for future research and guide conservation efforts.  These results underscore the urgent need for targeted strategies to manage the high abundance of non-native species and improve of Villarrica National Park.